animal+farm

-Caricature: EVERY CHARACTER: -Also Satire -Hyperbole: Old Major sort of overblows the cruelty of the men, but that's not technically literary hyperbole. Hyperbole is the use of massive exaggeration to emphasize a point, but it doesn't really count because it's a character using it. -Sarcasm x -Understatement x  -Irony x  -Wit -"Something between Clementine and La Cucaracha" -Allusion -Historicapoopl allusion to communist russia / fascist germany -Juxtaposition -Mr. Jones and Old Major -Reduction -Communists as pigs?
 * Chapter 1 **

**Chapter 2** //Type--- Example- Quote- Explaination//

Caricature--- 1. Mollie's stupidity- //"The stupidest questions of all were asked by Mollie,// //the white mare."// - Throughout the story Mollie was the dumb one who was brushed away. She represents vainity and apathy.

Hyperbole-- 1. Squealer's ability to persuade- //"The others said of Squealer that he could turn black into white."// This demonstrates a sort of exagerrated ability of Squealer.

Sarcasm-- N/A

Understatemen t- - 1. The Results of Manor Farm Rebellion. //"And so, almost before t// //hey// //knew what was happening, the Rebellion had been successfully carried through: Jones was expelled, and the Manor Farm was theirs." -// This passage minimalizes the fact that a group of discontented animals have overthrown a human and taken #|complete control of a farm. The entire rebellion happens in just two paragraphs. One of the most important events of the entire novel happened in just two paragraphs.

Irony-- 1. All animals are equal but the pigs have already gone beyond the other animals- //"The pigs now revealed that during the past three months they had taught themselves to read and write from an old spelling book which had belonged to Mr. Jones's children and which had been thrown on the rubbish heap."// and //"7. All animals are equal." -// In reality, the pigs are already running the show and are #|a step ahead.

Wit-- N/A

Allusion-- 1. Animalism to Communism- //"These three had elaborated old Major's teachings into a complete system of thought, to which they gave the name of Animalism." -// Similar -ism ending making the parallel unmistakable.

2. Sugarcandy Mountain and Moses the Raven to Land of milk and honey and Moses of the Bible- //"Moses, who was Mr. Jones's especial pet, was a spy and a tale-bearer, but he was also a clever talker. He claimed to know of the existence of a mysterious country called Sugarcandy Mountain, to which all animals went when they died." -// Biblical allusion to Moses the messenger of God sent to __#|free__ the Isrealites. He was to lead the people to the land of milk and honey which is sweet like sugar.

Juxtaposition-- 1. Napoleon vs. Snowball- //"Napoleon was a large, rather fierce-looking// //Berkshire boar, the only Berkshire on the farm, not much of a talker, but//  //with a reputation for getting his own way. Snowball was a more vivacious//  //pig than Napoleon, quicker in speech and more inventive, but was not//  //considered to have the same depth of character." -// Puts the two against each other from the __#|start__.

Reduction-- 1. The smartness of the horses- //"These two had great difficulty in thinking anything out for themselves, but having once accepted the pigs as their teachers, they absorbed// //everything that they were told, and passed it on to the other animals by//  //simple arguments."// The author reduces the intelligence of horses to brute intelligence being able to only follow which leads to the belittling of Boxer literally to glue.

2. Commandments- //"The Commandments were written on the tarred wall in great// //white letters that could be read thirty yards away."// Holy words reduced to writing on a barn, also the number is reduced by three.

OTHER:

Foreshadowing--(MOST OF THE CHAPTER, IN REALITY, IS FORESHADOWING.)

1. Changing of the farm- //"At the beginning they met with much stupidity and apathy." -// Emphasis on AT THE BEGINNING hinting that it will change.


 * Chapter 3 **

Chapter 3 Animal Farm **//Allusion//**
 * “Beasts of England” Allusion to propaganda
 * Squealer’s speech on page 42 squealer uses wit to convince the other animals that the milk and apples were niceties for pigs. Very similar to propaganda.
 * Jurgis Rudkus’s motto in response to financial problems, in Upton Sinclair’s //The Jungle// "I will work harder" used by boxer
 * What siesmore said about the dogs

**//Juxtaposition//**
 * "These two were never in agreement: whatever suggestion either of them made, the other could be counted on to oppose it."

**//Reduction//**
 * "The attempt to tame the wild creatures, for instance, broke down almost immediately."

**//Irony//**
 * "The dogs learned to read fairly well..."
 * Dogs are usually categorized as one of the smarter animals
 * "We pigs are brain workers..."
 * Pigs are not smart animals
 * "The pigs did not actually work, but directed and supervised others." (Page 45)
 * They are the ones who are getting the return in the whole farm investment
 * "In the end they finished the harvest in two days' less time than it had usually taken Jones and his men. Moreover, it was the biggest harvest that the farm had ever seen." (Page 46)

**//Wit//**
 * "Donkeys live a long time. None of you has ever seen a dead donkey."
 * Almost understatement too because this is how Benjamin is describing his feelings towards Jones leaving.
 * Witty by snowball to use big words to justify the motto of "four legs good two legs bad" to the birds


 * //Hyperbole//**
 * "...the implements had been designed for human beings and not for animals, and it was a great drawback that no animal was able to use any tool that involved standing on his hind legs." (Page 45)

**//Additional Information//**

Orwell adopts same motto for Boxer links the oppression of capitalism with communism because the state ignores the suffering of those who try to be virtuous (with system)


 * Boxer works for common good / Jurgis works for himself
 * Both are dictated by their own governments
 * Orwell talks about communism and capitalism
 * Chapter 4: **

Juvenalian Satire = shows the corruption of communism

caricature:

hyperbole:

sarcasm:

understatement: 1. "The whole thing would be over in a fortnight, they said". (Pg. 34). Animal Farm was much larger than they thought it was going to be and it ended up lasting forever.

irony: 1. There is irony because there is a gap between what the animals ARE fighting for and what they THINK they are fighting for (actually fighting off the pigs instead of freedom from oppression, which helps the pigs gain power because humans are the biggest threat to the pigs)

wit:

allusion: 1. pg. 34 Frederick and Pilkington are allusions to non-communist countries such as the U.S. and England because they only react out of self-interest. The U.S. and England don't want the spread of communism, just like how Frederick and Pilkington don't want the spread of the rebellion to the animals on their farms.

juxtaposition: 1. Pg. 34 Foxwood Farm was a "large, neglected, old-fashioned farm, much overgrown by woodland, with all its pastures worn out and its hedges in a disgraceful condition" and The Pinchfield Farm was a "smaller and better-kept" farm.

reduction: 1. "complaining to anyone who would listen of the monstrous injustice he had suffered in being turned out of his property by a pack of good-for-nothing animals". (Pg. 33) 2."The animals decided unanimously to create a military decoration, 'Animal Hero, First Class,'..." Pg 39

Propaganda was used when they sent the pigeons to tell the story of the Rebellion and teach them "Beasts of England" (pg.33)

foreshadow; snowball getting wounded foreshadowed that

Chapter 5 - Animal Farm
 * Chapter 5: **

juvenalian satire

**Caricature** — Mollie is vain and self-centered and "she would stand foolishly gazing at her own reflection in the water"(41). She is shown as being dim-witted and lazy, almost to a comical point. Mollie= Russian Aristocracy going to other countries (Pilkington aka Great Britain) Snowball= Clever Napoleon= Power crazy

**Hyperbole** — //A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. Hyperbole's sometimes have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Hyperbole often produces irony at the same time.//

"...and they listened in astonishment while Snowball conjured up pictures of **fantastic** machines which would do their work for them..." page 44

**Understatement** — //The ironic minimizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous and emphatic. Understatement is the opposite of hyperbole.//

"Several of them would have protested if they could have found the right arguments." pg 50

**Irony** — //The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant; the difference between what appears to be and what actually is true. Irony is used for many reasons, but frequently, it's used to create poignancy or humor.//

Napolean was the first one to come up with the windmill idea, but degraded Snowball when he introduced the idea to the farm, and then after Snowball left, he decided that they will make the windmill. "On the contrary, it was he who had advocated it in the beginning, and the plan which Snowball had drawn on the floor of the incubator shed had actually been stolen from Napoleon's papers." 52

Napoleon trained dogs, which tails wagged "it was noticed that they wagged their tails to him in the same way as the other dogs had been used to do to Mr. Jones."

**Wit** — //In modern usage, wit is intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights. A witty statement is humorous, while suggesting the speaker's verbal power in creating ingenious and perceptive remarks. Wit usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement.//

"The animals were not certain what the word meant, but Squealer spoke so persuasively, and with the three dogs who happened to be with him growled so threateningly, that they accepted his explanation without further questions."

**Sarcasm** — F //rom the Greek meaning, "to tear flesh," sarcasm involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt of ridicule someone or something. It may use irony as a device, but not all ironic statements are sarcastic. When well done, sarcasm can be witty and insightful; when poorly done, it's simply cruel.//

**Allusion** — //A direct or indirect reference to something that is presumably commonly know, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, or mythical. A work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.//

Napoleon- Joseph Stalin Snowball- Leon Trotsky "At first no one had been able to imagine where these creatures came from, but the problem was soon solved: they were the puppies whom Napoleon had taken away from their mothers and reared privately." 48

**Juxtaposition** — //Placing dissimilar items, descriptions, or ideas close together or side by side, especially for comparison or contrast.//

Napoleon's ideas vs. Snowball's ideas.
 * "Vote for Snowball and the three-day week" vs. "Vote for Napoleon and the full manger"(46).
 * Napoleon is greedy and monomaniacal shows when he is contrasted with Snowball as he ruins Snowball's plans for a windmill, while Snowball is depicted as being hardworking and drawing up the plans, shown as being "closeted [in the shed] for hours at a time".
 * Snowball is shown as being educated while Napoleon is not as clever and is controlling

**Reduction** - //the degradation or devaluation of a victim by reducing his stature or dignity;// //belittling//


 * //a change in size,//
 * //removal of signs of rank and status (usually clothes),//
 * //animal imagery which reduces man’s purposeful actions, the ambitious aims of which he is proud and the lusts of which he is ashamed, all to the level of brute instinct.//
 * //destruction of the symbol (a satirist who wants to show that an emblem is being used for unjust ends pretends not to understand its symbolic connotations; for example, the flag becomes just a piece of cloth. The person fails to see the symbolic values which society attaches to apparently trivial objects and actions.)//

Snowball gets chased out of Animal Farm by the group of dogs reared by Napoleon and was seen no more, leaving the farm in the control of Napoleon who was his rival for leader. Snowball is then degraded further when Napoleon convinces the other animals that he was not against the idea of the windmill; in fact, "it was he who advocated it in the beginning", and the plan Snowball had drawn was actually stolen from Napoleon. Napoleon said Snowball was "a dangerous character and a bad influence"(62) Last page.

**Foreshadow** "Napoleon produced no schemes of his own, but said quietly that Snowball's would come to nothing, and seemed to be biding his time." pg 44


 * Chapter 6:**

Summer of chapter
 * The animals work hard to build the windmill
 * This work was strictly voluntary, but any animal who absented himself from it would have his rations reduced by half
 * Boxer is essential to work
 * Animal farm begins to trade with other farms, Mr. Whymper is there man of trade
 * pigs move into farmhouse.
 * order changed from 'No animal shall sleep in a bed' to 'No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets'
 * A strong wind makes the windmill fall down. Snowball is blamed


 * Caricature Boxer character for working hard.
 * Hyperbole = "he suddenly roared in a voice of thunder" voice not really that loud, but shows his anger and power this way
 * Sarcasm = 'If they had no more food than they had had in Jones's day, at least they did not have less.' it is because they should have more food, but they don't becuase it goes to the pigs
 * Understatement "Bye late summer a sufficient store of stone had accumulated, and then the building began, under the superintendence of the pigs."
 * irony "But they were happy in their work; they grudged no effort or sacrifice, well aware that everything that they did was for the benefit of themselves and those of their kind who would come after them, and not for a pack of idle, thieving human beings." Irony because they are working for the pigs
 * wit - "'No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets,"" the change from the original rule is the wit.
 * allusion = building of the mills resembles the rapid industrialization under Stalin's rule
 * juxaposition = "This work was strictly voluntary, but any animal who absented himself from it would have his rations reduced by half," voluntary and forced
 * reduction = "All that year the animals worked like slaves" Animals reduced to slaves
 * foreshadow = "It was possible to foresee that the coming winter would be a hard one."

chapter 7

**__Definitions__** **Caricature** — A representation, especially pictorial or literary, in which the subject's distinctive features or peculiarities are deliberately exaggerated to produce a comic or grotesque effect. Sometimes caricature can be so exaggerated that it becomes a grotesque imitation or misrepresentation. Synonymous words include burlesque, parody, travesty, lampoon.

**Hyperbole** — A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. Hyperbole's sometimes have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Hyperbole often produces irony at the same time.

**Understatement** — The ironic minimizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous and emphatic. Understatement is the opposite of hyperbole.

**Irony** — The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant; the difference between what appears to be and what actually is true. Irony is used for many reasons, but frequently, it's used to create poignancy or humor.

**Wit** — In modern usage, wit is intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights. A witty statement is humorous, while suggesting the speaker's verbal power in creating ingenious and perceptive remarks. Wit usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement.

**Sarcasm** — from the Greek meaning, "to tear flesh," sarcasm involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt of ridicule someone or something. It may use irony as a device, but not all ironic statements are sarcastic. When well done, sarcasm can be witty and insightful; when poorly done, it's simply cruel.

**Allusion** — A direct or indirect reference to something that is presumably commonly know, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, or mythical. A work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.

**Juxtaposition** — Placing dissimilar items, descriptions, or ideas close together or side by side, especially for comparison or contrast.

**Reduction** - the degradation or devaluation of a victim by reducing his stature or dignity; belittling a change in size, removal of signs of rank and status (usually clothes), animal imagery which reduces man’s purposeful actions, the ambitious aims of which he is proud and the lusts of which he is ashamed, all to the level of brute instinct. Destruction of the symbol (a satirist who wants to show that an emblem is being used for unjust ends pretends not to understand its symbolic connotations; for example, the flag becomes just a piece of cloth. The person fails to see the symbolic values which society attaches to apparently trivial objects and actions.)

**__Examples__** C aricature - Snowball is a scapegoat for every problem that is on Animal Farm which turns him into the most evil of villains in the eyes of the animals.

I rony - "Napoleon was well aware of the bad results that might follow if the real facts about the food situation were known, and he decided to make use of Mr. Whymper to spread a contrary impression.

U nderstatement - Also a continuation of the irony presented above: Napoleon creates the illusion of having good rations and a good life while in comparison, the lives of the animals are way worse than what it seems.

R eduction-The animals that confessed to the crimes willingly admitted they were wrong but Napoleon slayed them anyways because they were in league with snowball. Although some of them did little wrong all of them were killed as if they were trying to kill all the animals.

and this Juxtaposision-""That is the true spirit, comrade!" cried Squealer, but it was noticed he cast a very ugly look at Boxer with his little twinkling eyes." The twinkling eyes contrast completely with the idea of a "very ugly look" for when the word twinkling is used, it is normally in the same context a word beautiful, majestic or pure is or can be used.

ill get these. Allusion-Napoleon's private bodyguard and police force represent the secret police of totalitarian societies, such as the Soviet Union's Komitet Gosudarstvennoj Bezopasnosti (Комитет государственной безопасности) (Committee of State Security, known by the abbreviation KGB) and Nazi Germany's Geheime Staats Polizei (Secret State Police, known by the acronym //Gestapo// ). **Squealer** : Napoleon’s clever propagandist. He represents anyone who distorts the truth or tells outright lies to promote a cause. Paul Joseph Goebbels (1897-1945), director of propaganda under Adolf Hitler in Nazi Germany, was a real-life counterpart of Squealer. Both the //The Internationale// and "Beasts of England" reflected the principals of Marxism and Animalism, respectively. Their replacement by different anthems reflect how these ideologies were arguably distorted by Stalin and Napoleon and thus had to be replaced and suppressed. "Beasts of England", the original anthem of the //Animal farm// corresponds to the famous socialist anthem, //The Internationale//, but also alludes to Shelley's //Men of England//. The phasing out of "Beasts of England" as the anthem of Animal Farm corresponds to the Soviet Union's 1944 replacement of //The Internationale// with the National Anthem of the Soviet Union.

Zapateado - Joaquín Rodrigo ^Look up! It's cool.

chapter 8

In this chapter, propaganda is a major target of criticism in all of Orwell’s satire. Several good examples are used in this chapter.

On page 90, when the story gives an example of the poem entitled Comrade Napoleon, irony and satire of patriotic rhetoric is used by the use of high and low language, examples would be the use of exclamation points and commas.

Irony is used when the narrator states: “There were times when it seemed to the animals that they worked longer hours and fed no better than they had done in Jones’s day.” This is ironic because at the beginning of this story, the animals made it seem that their lives would become easier and better and less labor intensive if they established their own set of rules and rebelled.

More irony is used when the pigs establish their system of the commandments. The commandments were used for a different reason in the beginning of the book, and changed towards the end. In the beginning, the commandments were written in order to structure their new freedom that the animals had achieved. While in chapter 8, all of the pigs had taken away the animals utopia and returned to its original ways which were those that were used with the humans. Page 103 Is an example as the animals look over the commandments and realize that they were written wrong.

In this chapter, a parody is used with the inclusion of the poem entitled Comrade Napoleon. The poem parodies actual anthems and patriotic oaths Reduction:

· "A few days later, when the terror caused by the executions had died down, some of the animals remembered--or thought they remembered"

· that the Sixth Commandment decreed "No animal shall kill any other animal."

· "No animal shall kill any other animal WITHOUT CAUSE." Somehow or other, the last two words had slipped out of the animals.' They convinced the other animals that they had just remembered the commandments wrong and because napoleon held a higher position they believed him.

Hyperbole/ irony · "Nothing short of explosives would lay them low this time!" · Frederick and his men went to the windmill and packed blasting power in to the holes Irony Napoleon found the whiskey from the farm house and after drinking too much told the animals he was dying when in fact he was hung over.